Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility, Volume 31, Issue 2, Page 508-523, April 2022.

la noción de perlocución ha resultado problemática desde su primera formulación en Austin . Se exploran dos vías diferentes para su clarificación. la vía reconstructiva examina las ambigüedades incrustadas en la caracterización austiniana y trata de deshacerlas mediante taxonomías basadas en criterios precisos. la vía eliminativa , finalmente adoptada, propone sustituirla por una noción alternativa, la de marco situacional de una emisión, capaz de servir mejor al propósito de estudiar “el acto de habla total en la situación de habla total”.

La investigación sobre el bromear es central en el estudio de la relación entre lenguaje y humor. Se examina, en primer lugar, cómo el bromear puede analizarse usando las herramientas que proporciona la teoría de los actos de habla, en particular las empleadas por versiones neoaustinianas de la teoría. En segundo lugar, se aplican los resultados de la primera parte para formular una hipótesis acerca de la relatividad lingüística del humor, según la cual los hábitos de bromeo propios de una (...) sociedad o de un grupo influyen de modo no trivial en el uso privado o individual del humor. (shrink)

Denomino externismo ilocucionario (EI) al enfoque para el estudio de la fuerza ilocucionaria que defiendo. El EI está inspirado en las ideas seminales de Austin acerca de los realizativos y los actos de habla. De acuerdo con el EI, en el análisis de una fuerza ilocucionaria típica debemos mencionar esencialmente algunos aspectos del ambiente social, natural y discursivo que no pueden ser reducidos a los estados mentales (de dicto) de los hablantes, comoquiera que individualicemos esos estados. Un problema difícil para (...) el EI se deriva de la posibilidad de ser más o menos explícitos en relación con la fuerza de nuestras emisiones, ya que ese hecho nos invita a centrar nuestra atención en el emisor (el “explicitador”) y en sus estados mentales (intenciones ilocucionarias), y a defender por ello un enfoque mentalista en el estudio de las fuerzas. En este artículo intento demostrar la compatibilidad del EI con el fenómeno de la explicitabilidad de la fuerza ilocucionaria. (shrink)

I call illocutionary externalism (IE) the approach to the study of illocutionary force that I favor. IE is inspired by Austin's seminal ideas on performatives and speech acts. According to IE, in the analysis of a paradigmatic illocutionary force we must essentially mention some aspects of the social and natural environment that cannot be reduced to the (de dicto) speakers' mental states, no matter how these are individuated. A difficult problem for IE derives from the possibility of making explicit the (...) force of an utterance. This fact invites us to focus our attention on the utterer (the person who makes the force explicit) and his mental states (illocutionary intentions), and to support a mentalist approach in the study of forces. In this article I shall argue for the compatibility of IE with the phenomenon of the explicitability of illocutionary force. (shrink)

I present some distinctions concerning the dependence between properties. Then I apply such distinctions to the analysis of holism, concluding that there are at least three different kinds of holism that are important for semantic purposes.

El objetivo de este trabajo es valorar el reciente proyecto de Jerry Fodor consistente en combinar una semántica informacional para el lenguaje del pensamiento y una teoría computacional de los procesos mentales. Examinamos, en primer lugar, una noción central en la obra de Fodor: la noción de "mecanismo". Defendemos entonces que, al menos para los llamados "casos-Frege", la propuesta de Fodor en The Elm and the Expert (1994) no es satisfactoria.

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar e discutir a sugestão de Fred Dretske para analisar o problema dos qualia. Tal problema, caro à Filosofia da Mente, ficou conhecido pela discussão desenvolvida por Thomas Nagel em seu clássico artigo What is it like to be a bat. Nesse artigo, Nagel postulou a impossibilidade de se conhecer, em perspectiva de terceira-pessoa, os aspectos da experiência humana. Ele considera que, mesmo após as descrições objetivas da experiência de um sujeito, escapariam ainda aspectos qualitativos, (...) fundamentais para se caracterizar os qualia. A partir de sua Tese Representacionista da mente, Dretske argumenta que seria possível dissolver esse problema se admitirmos que a mente é a face representacional do cérebro, a natureza dos qualia seria, assim, representacional. Nesse contexto, os fatos mentais relacionados às experiências seriam fatos representacionais: se conhecermos a natureza desses fatos representacionais conheceremos também a experiência do sistema que a representa. Diante de tal entendimento, discutimos em que medida a proposta dretskeana constitui uma alternativa ao problema dos qualia. (shrink)

Background:The decision whether to initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation may sometimes be ethically complex. While studies have addressed some of these issues, along with the role of nurses in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, most have not considered the importance of nurses acting as advocates for their patients with respect to cardiopulmonary resuscitation.Research objective:To explore what the nurse’s advocacy role is in cardiopulmonary resuscitation from the perspective of patients, relatives, and health professionals in the Basque Country (Spain).Research design:An exploratory critical qualitative study was conducted from (...) October 2015 to March 2016. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.Participants:Four discussion groups were held: one with patients and relatives (n = 8), two with nurses (n = 7 and n = 6, respectively), and one with physicians (n = 5).Ethical considerations:Approval was obtained from the Basque Country Clinical Research Ethics Committee.Findings:Three significant themes were identified: (a) accompanying patients during end of life in a context of medical dominance, (b) maintaining the pact of silence, and (c) yielding to legal uncertainty and concerns.Discussion:The values and beliefs of the actors involved, as well as pre-established social and institutional rules reduced nurses’ advocacy to that of intermediaries between the physician and the family within the hospital environment. On the contrary, in primary health care, nurses participated more actively within the interdisciplinary team.Conclusion:This study provides key information for the improvement and empowerment for ethical nursing practice in a cardiac arrest, and provides the perspective of patients and relatives, nurses and physicians. (shrink)

Uterus transplantation (UTx) research has been introduced in several countries, with trials in Sweden and the United States producing successful outcomes. The growing interest in developing UTx trials in other countries, such as Spain, the Netherlands, Japan, and Australia, raises important questions regarding the ethics of surgical innovation research in the field of UTx. This paper examines the current state of UTx in the context of the surgical innovation paradigm and IDEAL framework and discusses the ethical challenges faced by those (...) considering the introduction of new trials. We argue that UTx remains an experimental procedure at a relatively early stage of the IDEAL framework, especially in the context of de novo trials, where protocols are likely to deviate from those used previously and where researchers are likely to have limited experience of UTx. We conclude that countries considering the introduction of UTx trials should build on the strengths of the reported outcomes to consolidate the evidence base and shed light on the uncertainties of the procedure. Authorities responsible for the ethical governance of UTx trials are advised to draw on the ethical framework used in the oversight of surgical innovation. (shrink)

Background Ethical conflicts generate difficulties in daily clinical activity. Which methods of ethical advice are most frequently used to resolve them among Spanish doctors has not been studied. The objective of this study is to describe what methods hospital internal medicine physicians in Spain use to resolve their ethical doubts and which they consider most useful. Design A cross-sectional observational study was conducted through a voluntary and anonymous survey and distributed through an ad hoc platform of the Spanish Society of (...) Internal Medicine. Measures We measured methods by which to resolve doubts, types of tools sought, frequency of consulting the Clinical Ethics Committees, and satisfaction with resolution of ethical issues. Results Of 261 internists surveyed, 86 per cent resolve their ethical doubts with assistance, the most frequently used method being consultation with colleagues (58.6 per cent), followed by using specific protocols or guides (11.8 per cent) and consultation with experts in bioethics (9.6 per cent). The most preferred tools are the creation of protocols (30.3 per cent) and the establishment of a consultant/expert in bioethics (27.8 per cent). Conclusions Internists in Spain usually seek assistance to resolve their ethical doubts. Consulting colleagues is the most frequently adopted method. The majority regard tools to resolve ethical conflicts as necessary, seeking above all protocols and consultants/experts in bioethics. (shrink)

Austin introduces the idea of securing the uptake in the context of dealing with the illocution-perlocution distinction. In recent times, the notion is employed by some neoaustinian scholars to argue that the uptake is what triggers the deontic effects (rights, duties, obligations, permissions, etc.) associated to an illocution. Here, a distinction is made between two kinds of uptake: uptake-as-understanding and uptake-asaccepting, and the stance that the second is the one needed for a plausible theory of speech action inspired by Austin’s (...) original ideas is defended. When that notion is adopted, some old problems about speech action can be clarified. (shrink)

Nowadays, the quality standards of higher education institutions pay special attention to the performance and evaluation of the students. Then, having a complete academic record of each student, such as number of attempts, average grade and so on, plays a key role. In this context, the existence of missing data, which can happen for different reasons, leads to affect adversely interesting future analysis. Therefore, the use of imputation techniques is presented as a helpful tool to estimate the value of missing (...) data. This work deals with the academic records of engineering students, in which imputation techniques are applied. More specifically, it is assessed and compared to the performance of the multivariate imputation by chained equations methodology, the adaptive assignation algorithm based on multivariate adaptive regression splines and a hybridization based on self-organisation maps with Mahalanobis distances and AAA algorithm. The results show that proposed methods obtain successfully results regardless the number of missing values, in general terms. (shrink)

RATIONALE AND AIMS: Total hip and knee replacements, usually, have long waiting lists. There are several prioritization tools for these kind of patients. A new tool should undergo a standardized validation process. The aim of the present study was to validate a new prioritization tool for primary hip and knee replacements. METHODS: We carried out a prospective study. Consecutive patients placed on the waiting list were eligible for the study. Patients included were mailed a questionnaire which included, among other questions, (...) the seven items of the priority tool and the Western Ontario and McMasters Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) specific questionnaire. The priority tool gives a score from 0 to 100 points, and three categories (urgent, preferent and ordinary). We studied the content and construct validity. We used Student's t-test or one-way analysis of variance. Correlational analysis was used to evaluate convergent and discriminate validity. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 838 patients (62.3% were female), with mean age of 70.2 years (SD 8.4). A total of 55.5% patients underwent knee replacement. Given that the tool was elaborated by patients and orthopaedic surgeons, it shows a good content validity. The priority score was statistically different (P < 0.001) among the three urgency categories created. The scores of the three WOMAC dimensions showed differences (P < 0.001) by the three urgency categories created. The correlations between the priority score and WOMAC dimensions were 0.79 (function), 0.69 (pain) and 0.51 (stiffness). The correlations between WOMAC items and items from priority tool were greater (0.47-0.69) between items measuring similar constructs than those measuring different constructs (0.27-0.49). These data are similar in both joints. CONCLUSIONS: Results support the validity of the prioritization tool to be used with patients waiting for hip or knee replacement. (shrink)

Abordamos aquí unos aspectos, posiblemente los menos conocidos, de la dilatada vida de Fray Diego de Deza, como son los orígenes de su linaje en la gallega Terra de Deza y el afincamiento durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIV de la que fue la rama familiar de Toro, su ciudad natal. No perteneciendo a la hidalguía de mayor abolengo y riqueza de los linajes allí establecidos, sus méritos personales le labraron un futuro prometedor, primero por la cátedra docente que (...) ocupó en Salamanca y sus altas dotes como maestro y, además, por la confianza que los Reyes Católicos depositaron en él al nombrarlo preceptor del malogrado príncipe heredero don Juan, lo que le hizo emprender una envidiable carrera tanto eclesiástica como por sus servicios a la Corona. Nuestro objetivo aquí no ha sido otro que vislumbrar sus relaciones parentales y sociales, obviando su brillante cursus honorum en ese doble rol de servicio al altar y al trono. (shrink)

La indagación del segundo Heidegger acerca del ser encuentra su maduración en la doctrina del Ereignis, un nuevo concepto «post-metafísico», según Vattimo, con el que el filósofo alemán trata de responder a la pregunta de qué es el ser una vez ha mostrado, en su primera etapa intelectual, la esencial diferenciación ontológica. El ser no es un ente, ni aquello fijo e inmutable que fundamenta lo ente. Ni de él puede decirse que es; el ser «se da». Y se da (...) al hombre en un acto de donación recíproca en la totalidad del acontecer histórico. Vattimo parte de esta idea para concluir que el ser es evento que orbita en la constelación del Ge-Stell, el destino de la época actual en cuanto forma de desocultar el ser, de desvelar la verdad, y convierte a Heidegger en precursor de la postmodernidad y de su pensiero debole. (shrink)

El escenario energético de escasez a nivel mundial se empieza a reflejar fuertemente en América Latina. Chile tiene una política energética diseñada en el período dictatorial, y administrada en la democracia, que hace muy vulnerable su economía, su medio ambiente y su seguridad. En este artículo se analizan críticamente los diversos aspectos que inciden fuertemente en el actual escenario energético chileno, sobre todo en lo que respecta a la política de integración con sus vecinos latinoamericanos, desde donde se puede vislumbrar (...) también una solución sustentable a los problemas energéticos futuros. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to show how, despite the nowadays foreseen end of metaphysics, this discipline is still necessary and ineliminable regardless of its insufficient results and the impossibility of achieving its owns tasks. Schopenhauer and Heidegger’s views will help us bring this old Kantian thesis up to date. In doing so, the deep connection between.

El presente libro aborda la cuestión clásica de la relación entre el lenguaje y el pensamiento humanos, poniendo el foco en la hipótesis de la relatividad lingüística (RL), esto es, en la idea de que la diversidad lingüística acarrea una correlativa diversidad cognitiva. Aparte de las aportaciones filosóficas sustantivas a este debate, hay una tarea preliminar de aclaración que es ineludible (la hagan o no los filósofos), dada la complejidad del problema. Existe una tendencia a plantear las cuestiones sin muchos (...) matices, adoptando planteamientos cortantes: o se acepta la total independencia del pensamiento con respecto al lenguaje y a las lenguas, o se defiende que el pensamiento está supeditado al lenguaje o a una lengua concreta, sin dejar resquicio de autonomía al pensamiento. Frente a ello, este trabajo intenta elaborar un mapa detallado del territorio de la relatividad lingüística que refleje que hay muchas zonas intermedias habitables. Con ello no se busca sólo presentar espacios lógicos de posibles posturas, sino, ante todo, delimitar zonas de plausibilidad en dichos espacios. Eso no significa que se plantee una posición ser neutral o centrada. A lo largo de sus páginas se defiende la plausibilidad y la relevancia filosófica de al menos algunas versiones de la hipótesis relativista. Con varios matices, se sostiene que el lenguaje está involucrado de modo importante en el pensamiento humano, que la diversidad lingüística puede acarrear una significativa diversidad cognitiva o que la relación entre el lenguaje y el pensamiento es, en realidad, una interacción en la que, además de ellos, intervienen otros factores como la cultura. (shrink)

Se presenta un esquema ontológico en el que el par relacional/atómico desempeña un papel central. La noción basica, la que se define en terminos positivos, es la de “relacionalidad”. La atomicidad es definida negativamente, como no-relacionalidad. En realidad, se distinguen diversas nociones positivas, emparentadas entre sí, que pueden verse como diferentes formas de relacionalidad a las que corresponden diferentes formas de atomicidad (o no-relacionalidad). A continuación, ese instrumental ontológico se aplica al planteamiento de dos cuestiones semánticas: se trata brevemente la (...) cuestión deI individualismo y, más en detalle, la cuestión deI holismo semántico.An ontological framework is presented in which the relational/atomic pair plays a central role. The basic notion, which is defined in positive terms, is that of “relationality”. “Atomicity” is negatively defined as non-relationality. More exactly, we distinguish between several related positive notions that can be seen as different kinds of relationality. Correspondingly, we distinguish between several kinds of atomicity (or nonrelationality). Then, the ontological tools are applied to two semantic issues: we briefly deal with the individualism issue and in more detail with the issue of semantic holism. (shrink)

Se presenta un esquema ontológico en el que el par relacional/atómico desempeña un papel central. La noción basica, la que se define en terminos positivos, es la de “relacionalidad”. La atomicidad es definida negativamente, como no-relacionalidad. En realidad, se distinguen diversas nociones positivas, emparentadas entre sí, que pueden verse como diferentes formas de relacionalidad a las que corresponden diferentes formas de atomicidad (o no-relacionalidad). A continuación, ese instrumental ontológico se aplica al planteamiento de dos cuestiones semánticas: se trata brevemente la (...) cuestión deI individualismo y, más en detalle, la cuestión deI holismo semántico.An ontological framework is presented in which the relational/atomic pair plays a central role. The basic notion, which is defined in positive terms, is that of “relationality”. “Atomicity” is negatively defined as non-relationality. More exactly, we distinguish between several related positive notions that can be seen as different kinds of relationality. Correspondingly, we distinguish between several kinds of atomicity (or nonrelationality). Then, the ontological tools are applied to two semantic issues: we briefly deal with the individualism issue and in more detail with the issue of semantic holism. (shrink)